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Indybay Feature

And they call themselves educated

by Philip Chalk
A look at what passes for scholarship these days.
The recent round of shin-kicking between Harvard president Lawrence Summers and Prof. Cornel West ended with two losers. There was a brief moment of general surprise--you mean a college president is willing to question the off-campus dabblings and anemic scholarship of one of his star professors? But then the status quo reasserted itself. Judging by the bland comments finally emanating from Harvard, Mr. West could cut another two or three rap albums and serve as Al Sharpton's next campaign chairman without fearing a reprimand.

Still, the spat had one good effect: It raised a question about what passes for scholarship on campus these days, and it suggested a way of answering it. If any college president across the country called his humanities professors in for a chat, asking them to bring along what they've been producing during their long hours of nonclassroom time, what would end up on the president's desk?

Well, corsets, for one thing. "To read corsets and women's writing," states Washington State University's Wendy Dasler Johnson, "I propose that we engage formal rhetoric as an heuristic, so that through both rhetorical and feminist frames we may read something of how discourse shapes the feminine subject." This lovely sentence appears in "Cultural Rhetorics of Women's Corsets," from the recent issue of Rhetoric Review, one of many scholarly journals where professorial writings appear, padding out résumés for tenure committees and claiming the mantle of scholarship.

Ms. Johnson's article is not atypical. A slog through the library stacks confirms that humanities and social-science periodicals are flush with theory-driven jargon, political posturing and fashionable cant. True, the American Historical Review suffers an occasional outbreak of conventional humanism, like "Religion Makes a Difference: Clerical and Lay Cultures in the Courts of Northern Italy, 1000-1300." But it must share journal space with "The Threads of Class at La Virgen: Misrepresentation and Identity at a Mexican Textile Mill, 1918-1935." And "From Settler Colony to Global Hegemon: Integrating the Exceptionalist Narrative of the American Experience into World History."

The scholarly periodical called Violence Against Women promises a righteous sense of mission, and it does not disappoint. It features "Boys Against Girls: The Structural and Interpersonal Dimensions of Violent Patriarchal Culture in the Lives of Young Men." And "Control and the Dalkon Shield," which begins with this grabber: "This article differs from other accounts of the Dalkon Shield by establishing a historicized analysis, which deconstructs discourses surrounding it and their effects."

Meanwhile, the University of Texas' Journal of the History of Sexuality offers "Recording the Unspeakable: Masturbation in the Diary of William Drummond, 1657-1659," a trenchant study of a Scotsman with more than time on his hands.

The strange language of such writings comes from French theorists, whose ideas about "narratives," "discourses," "hegemonies" and "silenced voices" have invaded nearly every humanities discipline. The Journal of Appalachian Studies sounds harmless enough. But no. "Community and Resistance in the Lives of Appalachian Girls" appears just after "Narrating Conflict: Women and Coal in Southern West Virginia."
What about Sport History Review? How hijacked can that be? At the top of the table of contents is "Conflicting Femininities: The Discourse on the Female Body and the Physical Education of Girls in National Socialism," which promises to show that "the discourse on the physical education of girls and women is based on theoretical approaches of constructing the gender order." D'oh!

The granddaddy of such theorizing is the Modern Language Association. Its journal, the PMLA, is notorious for its multipage collections of conference-paper titles, such as "Stalking the Disney Mouse: Doing Disney Studies" and "Perpetual States of Sodomy, I: Historical Contexts." True, there are papers devoted to Middle English literature. But not many. Why waste time with fusty research when you can be writing "Obscenity: Concealment, Divulgence and (self-)Censorship" or "Edith Wharton Goes Goth"?

The American Journal of Sociology may be published by the redoubtable University of Chicago, but it is not immune to cultural trends. "Social Capital at Work: Networks and Employment at a Phone Center" sounds close to trivial or silly, but it may provide value. Close by, though, three of Mr. West's colleagues at Harvard spend almost 40 pages on "The Instability of Androgynous Names: The Symbolic Maintenance of Gender Boundaries."

For scholarly sobriety, there's always the Social Psychology Quarterly, on the pages of which two recent researchers reported on "Gender Specific Use of the Domestic Telephone." With guarded conclusiveness, the pair determined that "the duration of telephone calls is affected not only by the receiver's gender but also by variations in topic and relationship."

But is such dogmatism and obscurantism really that pervasive? Here, next to the photocopier--why not try a random test? Ah, it's MIT's Journal of Interdisciplinary History, featuring "Economic Change and Infant Mortality in England, 1580-1837," a worthy and impressive article. And "Re-Enlistment Patterns of Civil War Soldiers," narrow but not arcane.

But what is that volume just beneath? Last October's Text and Performance Quarterly, serving up "Staging Stain Upon the Snow: Performance as a Critical Enfleshment of Whiteness." The abstract begins: "Scholars in the emerging field of critical white studies . . ." Meanwhile, an abandoned volume of Theory and Society opens to "Structure, Agency, and the Nicaraguan Revolution" and "High-Cost Activism and The Worker Household: Interests, Commitment, and the Costs of Revolutionary Activism in a Philippine Plantation Region."

What is going on here? A scandal, really. And drivel, mostly. Millions of dollars exchange hands every fall, between anxious parents and the clerks in college bursar's offices, so that young Jasons or Heathers may sit at the feet of "scholars" who will teach them for a precious few weeks. But the real action in the university isn't teaching: It's the fight for preferment among faculty members, and the coin of the realm is published "scholarship"--even of the most ersatz sort.
When The New Republic's Leon Wieseltier made his way through Cornel West's books a few years ago, he dismissed them as "tedious, slippery, . . . sectarian, humorless, pedantic, and self-endeared." The same words could apply to a depressingly large amount of scholarship in the humanities. Indeed, Mr. Wieseltier's most pointed dismissal of Mr. West could usefully be stamped across much current academic output in a kind of surgeon-general warning: "almost completely worthless."
by mezzanine
I'd much rather slog thru any of the named articles than the "almost completely worthless" excursus above. Essentially, Mr. Chalk, you suggest that studies of clerical 13th century Northern Italy or Middle English literature are inherently worthwhile scholarship, whereas studies of, one would think, much more relevant topics such as Mexican textile mills or the transition of America from colony to empire are, by nature, scandalous "drivel"? Preposterous. I would welcome a solid critique of an article or methodology, but this is a sad joke.
by justicescholar (justicescholar [at] earthliink.net)
Mr. Chalk should go hang out with "sir" Rudy Giuliani and they can burn books together while censoring anything they disagree with.
by T-Bone
What a great example of right-wing anti-intellectualism. It is interesting that now, with a new global radicalizing underway, the defenders of the status quo can only trot out age-old strategies to try and diffuse it among working people. "It's not the Enrons or the GW's or the oil companies or your boss that's oppressing you, it's those elitist college professors! What with their brains and all! How dare they go and, like theorize and stuff! That' jus' unamerican or sumthin! Please. You sycophants of the powerful are looking more desperate everyday trying to explain away the massive contradictions in our society. You'll have to do better than employing the stale strategy of villifying intellectuals this time around. More and more people are shedding their illusions about this country, and it's blatant class system, and your tired Reaganesque right wing populism won't save the day this time.
by Sid Ranck
For proof of Mr. Chalk's essay, all one has to do is read the sloppy, ad hominen attacks made by the other commentators.
As a personal anecdote, I went to St. John's College, home of the "dead, white, males". I am happy to report that more students there were reading "multicultural" works that at other schools I've been to. Why? Because they wanted to. Because they had something to compare them with. Because they, through rigorus and difficult work, had the ability to discern between good writing and crap. Best of all, these books were read in their free time, completely unmotivated by desire to get a grade.
Only the person who has read Plato can criticize him.
by the burningman
Plato thought ideas were reality and reality merely an appartition. He thought women weren't fully human and slavery the best imaginable society. He thought geometry was more important than anything, because it was not tainted by the free mind.

He further thought sodomizing a twelve year old was a great way to spend the afternoon.

Hosanah!
by anon
I've read Plato. I found it interesting at the time - a long time before I thought much about the elite structure of our or other societies - that this philosopher thought it "natural" for "philosopher-kings" to rule society.

I've haven't read a lot of Cornel West's stuff, but I did read _Race Matters_ and have a heard a couple speeches. He seems to be very intelligent and incisive, and capable of giving a lecture in a very black-preacherlike style - in other words, emotionally as well as intellectually powerful.

I agree that there're many crap pseudo-intellectuals and self-interested blowhards in academia, but I don't count Cornel West among them.
by Sid
No, I didn't mean to say that everything Socrates said was brilliant or even right (although I would take issue with burningman on all his points). However, I stand by my final point.
I wouldn't say that colleges are awash with stupid left-wing Marxist ideology so much as they are awash with a bad idea in scholarship. That is, people no longer read a book with an open mind. They read a book with a certain "filter" or postulate they are trying to prove already in their heads. Thus, this idea that I read Jane Austen looking for "lesbian subtext" or whatknot. Well, if I really want to find it, I will, won't I? However, that may or may not have anything to do with the author's intent.
I would place the blame on the educational system (starting as far back as the grammar school) placing little value on critical thinking and formal logic skills. When you cannot think very clearly for yourself, you become a sort of intellectual teenager. That is, you develop "crushes" on this or that theory not because they are correct or well thought out, but because they confirm your innate desires already. Thus, I really would like so see people free from want, so I'll subscribe to communism and not really be critical of my own thoughts or that philosophy very much. And in school systems where being self critical or thinking carefully about philosophy (because, make no mistake about it, kids, ideas do have consequences) is not valued, it is terribly easy for people to be seduced by bad ideas.
What is even worse is a desire to impress the instructor by coming up with ever more complex or clever ways to interpret a text. We no longer value what a student has discovered for him or herself, we only value novelty of thought. I don't think I wrote a paper once at St. John's that somebody else probably had thought of before. But that doesn't matter. What matters is my thinking through an idea clearly and carefully and owning it myself. The current university system only cares about how novel or unusual your idea is. Heck, I still believe St. Thomas was right on just about everything, not because he was St. Thomas and I admire him, but precisely because I have tried to discredit him every way I can think of and simply cannot do it.
I am upset that colleges do not make independent thinkers. Rather, they just make intellectual cheerleaders.
by Nikos
The Year is now 2002. Over 2300 years ago Plato was writing. Plato was one of the first few people to start asking any kind of philosophical questions. His mentor Socrates did this before him, but Socrates either never wrote anything down or we have none of it surviving.

Calling him a jackass is kind of harsh considering what I just mentioned. Of course alot of what he said is considered wrong by us. One man on his own cannot figure out everything.

In the republic he tried to analogize justice to an art which sounded real queer to me when I read it, but back then the Greeks did not know that was such a bad analogy as analogizing things to art was in vogue back then.
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