Bodies donated to medical school sold on to US army for landmine tests

Tulane received up to 150 donated bodies a year but needed only 40 to 45 for classes, Mary Bitner Anderson, the co-director of the medical school’s Willed Body Programme, said.

The university paid National Anatomical Service, a New York-based company that distributes bodies, less than £650 a body to deliver surplus cadavers, thinking they were going to medical schools in need of corpses.

But the company sold seven corpses to the army for between £15,000 and £20,000, said Chuck Dasey, a spokesman for the army’s medical research and materiel command in Fort Detrick, Maryland.

The bodies were blown up in tests on protective footwear against landmines at Fort Sam Houston in San Antonio, Texas.

Tulane said that it found out about the army’s use of the bodies in January last year. It suspended its contract with the anatomical services company this month.

"There is a legitimate need for medical research, and cadavers are one of the models that help medical researchers find out valuable information," Mr Dasey said. "Obviously it makes some people uncomfortable."

US military researchers have for years bought bodies for tests involving explosive devices. In the last five years, they had been used to help determine safe stand-off distances, build the best shelters and improve helmets, Mr Dasey said. Remains were cremated, he added.

Michael Meyer, a philosophy professor at Santa Clara University in California, who has written about the ethics of donated bodies, said the military’s use was questionable because it knew donors did not expect to end up in landmine tests

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The controversy over the unregulated use of human body parts grew yesterday when it was revealed that bodies donated to a university medical school were sold to the army who then blew them up in tests involving land mines.

Tulane University in New Orleans said it had suspended a contract with a New York-based company that it paid to distribute surplus body parts.

The university receives up to 150 donated bodies a year but only uses up to 45 for its own classes: it thought the remainder were being passed on to other medical schools.

But the distribution company, National Anatomical Services, sold seven of the bodies to the army for between $25,000-$30,000.

Chuck Dasey, a spokesman for the Army's Medical Research and Material Command in Fort Detrick, Maryland, said the bodies were blown up in tests on protective footwear against land mines.

"There is a legitimate need for medical research and cadavers are one of the models that help medical researchers find out valuable information," said the spokesman.

"Our position is that it is a regulated process. Obviously it makes some people uncomfortable."

The trade in body parts has come under scrutiny since two men, including the head of the Willed Body Programme at the prestigious University of California at Los Angeles, were arrested at the weekend for allegedly trafficking in stolen body parts.

It is illegal to make a profit from selling body parts, a regulation that distributors get around by charging only for labour costs and transportation.

The Pentagon has long bought cadavers to use in research involving explosive devices and has been one of the biggest buyers in the largely unregulated trade.

Officials say that over the last five years such research has been used to help determine safe stand-off distances from mines, how to build the best shelters and how to improve protective helmets.

But few people who agree to donate their bodies or else those of their deceased relatives realise they will end up being used in such tests.

Michael Meyer, a professor of philosophy at Santa Clara University in California who has written about the ethics of donated bodies, said: "Imagine if your mother had said all her life that she wanted her body to be used for science, and then her body was used to test land mines. I think that is disturbing, and I think there are some moral problems with deception here."

Tulane University said it found out about the Army's use of the bodies in January 2003 but it did not suspend its contract with the anatomical services company until this month.

John Scalia, chief executive of National Anatomical Service, told the New Orleans Times-Picayune newspaper that after the army finished using the bodies the remains were gathered and then cremated. The ashes were returned to the university.

"[It was] so labour intensive that we've turned down other contracts with the Army since then," he said.

"We are a company. We get paid for what we do, and we're entitled to a fair return on our investment."

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